Simply looking up into a tree’s canopy from the orchard floor is a surefire way to miss the advent of hull split. When hulls split, a scent is released into the air, attracting female NOW moths to lay their eggs on the suture of the splitting hull. As the hull splits, fungal spores can also enter and spawn hull rot infections.
Missing the beginning of hull split and allowing NOW or pathogens to gain a toehold in an orchard can wreck a grower’s entire season and reduce the value of the crop, costing growers in returns if nuts are rejected after harvest.
Summer split invites unwanted guests
Growers can determine if hull split has occurred – and if it’s time to spray – if, when they squeeze the end of the hull, the entire suture opens up, exposing the shell within. Almond hulls split as the fruit ripens, and timing varies based on weather conditions and variety. For instance, the variety Nonpareil typically splits in early- to- mid-July, earlier than some other varieties.
However, it’s at the stage before this, when the hull is split in a deep “V,” that susceptibility to NOW and wound pathogens that cause hull rot (Rhizopus, Aspergillus, and Monilinia) increase, making it vitally important that growers actively monitor their trees.
Vice President of Member Services for Blue Diamond Growers Mel Machado advises growers to look for blank nuts – those without a kernel inside – as those hulls are the first to split, several days ahead of the “sound” nuts (those with a full kernel).
“The blanks are like the warning shot, signaling the start of hull split,” he said. “When full hull split does occur, the nuts at the top of the canopy will open up first.”
Experts say growers should pay attention to trees on the edge of their orchards as they often ripen more quickly. Growers should also closely monitor the upper and outer portions of the canopy, particularly the southwest quadrant of the orchard block where the hot afternoon sun aids in the splitting and drying process.
“Better to be too early than too late”
Hull split applications should be made no later than at 1% hull split. This is the most effective time to spray for NOW as it often coincides with initiation of the second NOW flight.[i]
Once growers identify hull split in their orchard, their next step should be to initiate timely treatment. Experts warn that waiting too long to begin spraying will cost growers, as will performing a poor spray job.
Machado advised, “It’s better to be a bit on the early side than late” when spraying. Once hull split begins, he recommended the entire orchard be sprayed in five days or less. “If it takes 10 or 15 days, that’s too long,” he said.
Planning ahead – especially for smaller growers who rely on custom applicators – is essential. “Watch your fields closely and be in contact with your operator early on,” Machado advised.
In larger orchards, Machado advises growers to consider starting with aerial sprays, recognizing that ground-based sprays don’t always provide complete coverage at the tops of the trees.
“We’re seeing growers effectively incorporate aerial applications into their treatment programs for the first application to cover the acreage in a timely manner,” Machado said.
The best time to spray is early in the morning or at dusk.
“Do not spray in the heat of the day – your application will evaporate into thin air and you won’t get the material where it needs to go. That’s a waste of time and money, as you’re not only wasting spray material but you also won’t achieve the coverage necessary to combat crop damage,” Machado said.
Finally, growers should ensure that their ground-based sprayers are properly calibrated, the nozzles are unplugged and that air flow isn’t restricted. Once it’s time to spray, growers should remind applicators to drive no more than two mph through orchards to ensure optimum coverage and to drive down each row to ensure the trees are equally covered.
“There are some guys who spray every other row, and that’s not a good idea,” Machado said. “There are two sides to the tree; you need to spray both of them.”
Machado reinforced that hull split sprays offer the final chance to manage NOW populations before harvest. Still, these applications are only part of a coordinated, year-round Integrated Pest Management plan to combat NOW that also must include winter sanitation in all orchards as well as mating disruption during the growing season, where viable. Mating disruption has been proven to work in orchards 40 acres or larger. Machado encourages growers with smaller plantings to consider working with their neighbors to turn small plantings into blocks large enough for mating disruption to become a practical option.
For more tips from Machado on how to calibrate your sprayer and optimize applications, check out this ABC article, “Proper Spray Calibration, Application a Delicate Balance.
